Gaurav Kumar Sharma's International SILAE membership card

The Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine

(SILAE)

Gaurav Kumar Sharma (International Member)

The fundamental objective of SILAE is to promote the research, development and use of medicinal and food plants in different countries of the Word. SILAE welcomes and actively seeks opportunities to work cooperatively, activating and intensifying scientific relations between Countries and between SILAE Members.

SILAE proposes to establish contacts with Scientific Communities, Universities, Research Centres for the pursuit of medicinal and food plants knowledge. Science is international.

SILAE aims to be a truly international scientific organization by providing access to the scientific literature to anyone, anywhere; by publishing works, through our SILAE Special Issues, from every nation; by engaging a geographically diverse group of scientists in technical-scientific relationships, projects and interexchange programsand visits.

Since SILAE was founded its objective has been set to contribute to the close examination of the themes of great interest and actuality in the context of the relationships between Latin America and European Union.

In addition to this it aimed to individualize new ways of collaboration among its member countries, also in the amplest frame of the European as well as Asiatic continent to sign under such accords with intergovernmental organisms.

The Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine (SILAE) develops research programs in collaboration with prestigious Latin American Universities, The programs which are active for two decades are inserted in the systematic study of medicinal and alimentary plants coming from various Countries such as Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and recently the studies are extended to Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Costarica, Honduras, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico) where a lot of countries which are boastful of their traditional medicine and secular fitotherapy secular application.

In the technical-scientific field, SILAE privileges sectors of particular importance in the Latin American context, for instance health, environment, phytochemistry, pharmacology, food chemistry and nutrition, and through seminars, symposiums, international congresses, studies and researches (documented with over 500 publications on international journals) realized in collaboration with Governments, scientific and academic institutions and specialized corporate body of the Country members. Activity is expounded in a particular way through the execution of specific projects, the participation mediates a plan which ncessitates to use some tools of corporate body support of European and Latin American research studies.

Also in terms of cooperation SILAE activates programs corresponding to the priorities delineated in the plans of development of the Latin American Countries. Such cooperation is expressed through the realization of programs directed to favor of professional formation and the mutual transfer of scientific knowledge through the exchange of teachers and through the strengthening of the university institutions, when necessary, equipments and tools, to support the Latin American structures.

In the future it is hoped to have the support of Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Contacts: Dipartimento Scienze Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Salerno – Italy

Gaurav Kumar Sharma's SILAE card (International Member)

The Italo Latin American & African Society of Ethanomedicine

Relaxation Techniques for Health

by

Gaurav Kumar Sharma

Relaxation Techniques

Relaxation techniques include a number of practices such as progressive relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, self-hypnosis, and deep breathing exercises. The goal is similar in all: to produce the body's natural relaxation response, characterized by slower breathing, lower blood pressure, and a feeling of increased well-being.

Meditation and practices that include meditation with movement, such as yoga and tai chi, can also promote relaxation. Stress management programs commonly include relaxation techniques. Relaxation techniques have also been studied to see whether they might be of value in managing various health problems.

Relaxation techniques may be helpful in managing a variety of health conditions, including anxiety associated with illnesses or medical procedures, insomnia, labor pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. For some of these conditions, relaxation techniques are used as an adjunct to other forms of treatment. Relaxation techniques have also been studied for other conditions, but either they haven’t been shown to be useful, research results have been inconsistent, or the evidence is limited

The Importance of Relaxation Techniques

Relaxation techniques are skills, and like other skills, they need practice. People who use relaxation techniques frequently are more likely to benefit from them. Regular, frequent practice is particularly important if you're using relaxation techniques to help manage a chronic health problem. Continuing use of relaxation techniques is more effective than short-term use. Relaxation techniques include the following:

Autogenic Training

In autogenic training, you learn to concentrate on the physical sensations of warmth, heaviness, and relaxation in different parts of your body.

Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation

Biofeedback techniques measure body functions and give you information about them so that you can learn to control them. Biofeedback-assisted relaxation uses electronic devices to teach you to produce changes in your body that are associated with relaxation, such as reduced muscle tension.

Deep Breathing or Breathing Exercises

This technique involves focusing on taking slow, deep, even breaths.

Guided Imagery

For this technique, people are taught to focus on pleasant images to replace negative or stressful feelings. Guided imagery may be self-directed or led by a practitioner or a recording.

Progressive Relaxation

This technique, also called Jacobson relaxation or progressive muscle relaxation, involves tightening and relaxing various muscle groups. Progressive relaxation is often combined with guided imagery and breathing exercises.

Self-Hypnosis

In self-hypnosis programs, people are taught to produce the relaxation response when prompted by a phrase or nonverbal cue (called a “suggestion”).

Researchers opinion about the Effectiveness of Relaxation Techniques

Researchers have evaluated relaxation techniques to see whether they could play a role in managing a variety of health conditions, including the following:

Anxiety

Studies have shown relaxation techniques may reduce anxiety in people with ongoing health problems such as heart disease or inflammatory bowel disease, and in those who are having medical procedures such as breast biopsies or dental treatment. Relaxation techniques have also been shown to be useful for older adults with anxiety.On the other hand, relaxation techniques may not be the best way to help people with generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is a mental health condition, lasting for months or longer, in which a person is often worried or anxious about many things and finds it hard to control the anxiety. Studies indicate that long-term results are better in people with generalized anxiety disorder who receive a type of psychotherapy called cognitive-behavioral therapy than in those who are taught relaxation techniques.

Asthma

There hasn't been enough research to show whether relaxation techniques can relieve asthma symptoms in either adults or children.

Childbirth

Relaxation techniques such as guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, and breathing techniques may be useful in managing labor pain. Studies have shown that women who were taught self-hypnosis have a decreased need for pain medicine during labor. Biofeedback has not been shown to relieve labor pain.

Depression

An evaluation of 15 studies concluded that relaxation techniques are better than no treatment in reducing symptoms of depression but are not as beneficial as psychological therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Epilepsy

There is no reliable evidence that relaxation techniques are useful in managing epilepsy.

Fibromyalgia

Studies of guided imagery for fibromyalgia have had inconsistent results.
A 2013 evaluation of the research concluded that electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback, in which people are taught to control and reduce muscle tension, helped to reduce fibromyalgia pain, at least for short periods of time. However, EMG biofeedback did not affect sleep problems, depression, fatigue, or health-related quality of life in people with fibromyalgia, and its long-term effects have not been established.

Headache

Biofeedback has been studied for both tension headaches and migraines.
- An evaluation of high-quality studies concluded that there is conflicting evidence about whether biofeedback can relieve tension headaches.
- Studies have shown decreases in the frequency of migraines in people who were using biofeedback. However, it is unclear whether biofeedback is better than a placebo.
Other Relaxation Techniques.Relaxation techniques other than biofeedback have been studied for tension headaches. An evaluation of high-quality studies found conflicting evidence on whether relaxation techniques are better than no treatment or a placebo. Some studies suggest that other relaxation techniques are less effective than biofeedback.

Heart Disease

In people with heart disease, studies have shown relaxation techniques can reduce stress and anxiety and may also have beneficial effects on physical measures such as heart rate.

High Blood Pressure

Stress can lead to a short-term increase in blood pressure, and the relaxation response has been shown to reduce blood pressure on a short-term basis, allowing people to reduce their need for blood pressure medication. However, it is uncertain whether relaxation techniques can have long-term effects on high blood pressure. Relaxation techniques have shown modest, short-term reductions in blood pressure; however, many of these studies were of poor quality.

Insomnia

There is evidence that relaxation techniques can be helpful in managing chronic insomnia. Relaxation techniques can be combined with other strategies for getting a good night's sleep, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule; avoiding caffeine, alcohol, heavy meals, and strenuous exercise too close to bedtime; and sleeping in a quiet, cool, dark room.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

An evaluation of research results by the American College of Gastroenterology concluded that relaxation therapy has not been shown to be beneficial for irritable bowel syndrome. However, other psychological therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy, are associated with overall symptom improvement in people with irritable bowel syndrome. Although no complementary health approach has definitively been shown to be helpful for irritable bowel syndrome, some studies on hypnotherapy have been promising.

Menopause Symptoms

Relaxation techniques have been studied for hot flashes and other symptoms associated with menopause, but the quality of the research is not high enough to allow definite conclusions to be reached.

Menstrual Cramps

Some research suggests that relaxation techniques may be beneficial for menstrual cramps, but definite conclusions can't be reached because of the small number of participants in the studies and the poor quality of some of the research.

Nausea

An evaluation of the research evidence concluded that some relaxation techniques, including guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation, are likely to be effective in relieving nausea caused by cancer chemotherapy when used in combination with anti-nausea drugs.

Nightmares

Some studies have indicated that relaxation exercises may be an effective approach for nightmares of unknown cause and those associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. However, an assessment of many studies concluded that relaxation is less helpful than more extensive forms of treatment (psychotherapy or medication).

Pain

Evaluations of the research evidence have found promising but not conclusive evidence that guided imagery may relieve musculoskeletal pain (pain involving the bones or muscles) and other types of pain.An analysis of data on hospitalized cancer patients showed that those who received integrative medicinetherapies, such as guided imagery and relaxation response training, during their hospitalization had reductions in both pain and anxiety.

Pain in Children and Adolescents

A 2014 evaluation of the scientific evidence found that psychological therapies, which may include relaxation techniques as well as other approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can reduce pain in children and adolescents with chronic headaches or other types of chronic pain. The evidence is particularly promising for headaches: the effect on pain may last for several months after treatment, and the therapies also help to reduce anxiety.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Studies of biofeedback and other relaxation techniques for posttraumatic stress disorder have had inconsistent results. Relaxation techniques may provide some benefit on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, including sleep disturbance, anger, pain, and hyper-arousal.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

There is limited evidence that biofeedback or other relaxation techniques might be valuable additions to treatment programs for rheumatoid arthritis.

Ringing in the Ears (Tinnitus)

Only a few studies have evaluated relaxation techniques for ringing in the ears. The limited evidence from these studies suggests that relaxation techniques might be useful, especially in reducing the intrusiveness of the problem.

Smoking Cessation

Limited evidence suggests that guided imagery may be a valuable tool for people who are working to quit smoking.
In a study that compared the two techniques, autogenic training was found to be less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy as a quit-smoking aid. However, this study involved patients in an alcohol detoxification program, so its results may not be applicable to other people.
Preliminary research suggests that a guided relaxation routine might help reduce cigarette cravings.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction

Problems with the temporomandibular joint (the joint that connects the jaw to the side of the head) can cause pain and difficulty moving the jaw. A few studies have shown that programs that include relaxation techniques may help relieve symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

Researchers opinion About the Safety and Side Effects of Relaxation Techniques

Relaxation techniques are generally considered safe for healthy people. However, occasionally, people report unpleasant experiences such as increased anxiety, intrusive thoughts, or fear of losing control.
There have been rare reports that certain relaxation techniques might cause or worsen symptoms in people with epilepsy or certain psychiatric conditions, or with a history of abuse or trauma. People with heart disease should talk to their health care provider before doing progressive muscle relaxation.

The Knowledge about Relaxation Techniques

A variety of professionals, including physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and complementary health practitioners, may teach relaxation techniques. Also, people sometimes learn the simpler relaxation techniques on their own.

More to Consider

If you have severe or long-lasting symptoms of any kind, see your health care provider. You might have a condition that needs to be treated promptly. For example, if depression or anxiety persists, it's important to seek help from a qualified health care professional.
Tell all your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care.